Although for motorised modes most of the benefits are captured under the Economy Criterion, this is not the case for most appraisals of walking and cycling where little is known about demand. For walking and cycling appraisal, local accessibility impacts act as a useful proxy for the economic analysis.
Lack of access by walking, cycling, etc. is sometimes also called severance. However transport investment can improve access by walking and cycling rather than simply mitigate problems, so it is more meaningful to measure changes in access rather than reductions in severance.
For access to local services it is necessary to define a small selection of local services which are frequently reached by walking and cycling such as post offices, health centres, shops, and perhaps more complex opportunities such as leisure facilities, parks, and the countryside. If walking and cycling to public transport have not been considered under the public transport network coverage criterion they can be considered under local accessibility as for other local services.
